MOTIVATION AND GOAL SETTING

Motivation is the process that initiates, controls and sustains goal oriented behaviours. Motivation is what makes us act, whether it is learning how to play football for pleasure or reading a book to gain knowledge. Motivation is often used to describe why a person does something. For example you may be so motivated that you struggle hard to get into the course that you always wanted to study.

Motivation is of two types: external and internal. External motivation is a reward or a social achievement or something that encourages us to do our best, for example, the gold medal at the end of the course or the trophy in a reality show. Most people get externally motivated to do the best that they can. Internal motivation is our own happiness or satisfaction in doing a job well, which may not earn us a medal or a trophy. Very few people are internally motivated even through this is the better form of motivation. When the reward is removed, the external motivation vanishes. Since there is no reward for internal motivation, this type of motivation never disappears. As the Bhagavad Gita says one should focus on the task, and not desire the result (reward).

Setting one's goals is imperative to achieving something in life. Of course, goals are normally culture specific and this cannot be helped. However, defining one's goals within one's set of circumstances and one's abilities is important in carving out a successful future. Always keep the realistic picture in mind; it is not always possible to reach the moon. We need to keep our goals within possible limits due to several reasons. If you keep goals unbelievably high, then the sense of failure and disappointment will be even greater and longer lasting. Therefore, make your goals in such a way that they are embedded within real circumstances.

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CONSONANTS

Consonants are produced when there is either a closure or narrowing of the air passage in the oral cavity. For example, /t/ is pronounced with the front of the tongue pushing against the palate. The 24 consonants in English are listed below: Consonants are further classified in terms of how the sounds are made: Plosives: Plosive sounds are produced when the vocal tract is blocked, building up air pressure, and then the air stream is abruptly released. Fricatives: In the production of fricatives, airstream is directed through a narrow construction in the vocal tract. Nasals: In the production of nasal sounds, air flows through the nasal cavity. Affricates: Affricates begin as stops and conclude as fricatives. Consonant Clusters : Consonant clusters are groups of two or more consonants sounds that come before, after or between vowel sounds. Look at a few examples below:

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words such as he, her, your, it and this used in place of nouns or noun phrases. They are of the following types. Personal pronouns stand for the speaker (first person), the person spoken to (second person), and the person, animal, place or thing that is neither the speaker not the spoken to (third person). In English, the personal pronouns used as subjects in sentences are I, we, you, he, she, they and it . The corresponding personal pronouns used as objects are me, us, you, him, her, them and it . Possessive pronouns are used in place of nouns with an apostrophe and -s, such as Suma's, to indicate the meaning of belonging or possession. They are mine, ours, yours, his, her and theirs . Examples are This is not Shireen's file. The bag is not Smita's; hers is larger. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a verb (or preposition) both refer to the same person, animal, place or thing, for example, myself, ourselves, yourself, ...

INTRODUCING ONESELF IN FORMAL OR SOCIAL CONTEXTS

Listen to the following dialogues in which people greet one another, take leave and introduce themselves and others. Note the language used to perform these functions. Formal ( It is Rafiq's first day at work. He introduces himself to Janet, the head of his department. ) Rafiq : Good morning, ma'am. I am Rafiq Ahmad. I joined today and was asked to report to you. Janet : Good morning, Rafiq. I am pleased to meet you. Welcome to Magna Publications. It will be nice having you in the department. Rafiq : Thank you. I look forward to working here. ( It is a meeting that Anand is attending. He meets the Chairman of company that he has recently joined. ) Chairman : I am pleased to meet you. I understand you have joined recently. Anand : I am pleased to meet you too. Yes, I am Anand, and I have joined the information technology cell. Chairman : I hope you have been having a pleasant introduction to our nature of work. Anand : Yes, I have been enjoying it. Thank you....

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